The role of the brown bear Ursus arctos as a legitimate megafaunal seed disperser

The role of the brown bear Ursus arctos as a legitimate megafaunal seed disperser

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Abstract Megafaunal frugivores can consume large amounts of The Pilgrimage to the Holy Face of Lucca in 1896: Documents and News from the Archive of the Congregation of the Holy Face fruits whose seeds may be dispersed over long distances, thus, affecting plant regeneration processes and ecosystem functioning.We investigated the role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) as legitimate megafaunal seed dispersers.We assessed the quantity component of seed dispersal by brown bears across its entire distribution based on information about both the relative frequency of occurrence and species composition of fleshy fruits in the diet of brown bears extracted from the literature.We assessed the quality component of seed dispersal based on germination experiments for 11 fleshy-fruited plant species common in temperate and boreal regions and frequently eaten by brown bears.

Across its distribution, fleshy fruits, on average, represented 24% of the bear food items and 26% of the total volume consumed.Brown bears consumed seeds from at least 101 fleshy-fruited plant species belonging to 24 families and 42 genera, of which Rubus (Rosaceae) and Vaccinium (Ericaceae) were most commonly eaten.Brown bears inhabiting Mediterranean forests relied the most on fleshy fruits and consumed the largest number of species per study area.Seeds ingested by bears germinated at higher percentages than those from whole fruits, and at similar percentages than manually depulped seeds.

We conclude that brown bears are legitimate seed dispersers as they consume large quantities of seeds that remain viable after gut passage.The decline of these megafaunal frugivores may compromise Adaptive Hysteresis-Band Current Controller of a Three Phase Induction Machine seed dispersal services and plant regeneration processes.